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126 International Multi. J. of PURE LIFE. 8 (25): 121-132, Winter 2021
to question his place in the social level and in connection
world, and identity was not an with the issue of
issue. (Ward, 2005) Islamophobia, there has been
The idea of modernity deals an increase in pessimism and
with the belief that the intensification of violence,
constraints of tradition lead to discrimination and intolerance
progress towards human against Muslims.
liberation; but promoting the Since then, some politicians
present and the future and have dared to speak out that
denying the past make people they could not speak publicly,
question the nature of their accusing Islam and Muslims of
identity. Identities were valued terrorism, calling for restrictions
linearly during this period, and on Muslim immigration, and
in this valuation, urban, proposals to expel Muslims
bourgeois, European, white, and prevent the spread of
Christian, and the like were mosques, they raised the
considered inferior. exclusion of veiled women
In the same way, from education and many
development took a linear issues like this; however, due
direction, and according to this to the severity of these attacks
view, there is only one way to after 9/11, the rate of violence
develop, which is to become and verbal and physical attacks
Westernized and to go through against Muslims and prejudice
the experience that the West against Muslims and their
has taken. (Emami and rejection has been higher than
Hosseini Faeq, 2011) in the period before 9/11.
(Ward, 2005)
4. The Effects of September
11 Attacks Islamism in the West
September 11, 2001 marks a The Islamic world, described as a
turning point in international stagnant and closed world in the
developments and marks the West, is undergoing fundamental
beginning of a new era. At the changes. Islamic modernism has
