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               144  International Multi. J. of PURE LIFE. 9 (30): 143-173, Spring 2022

               Introduction                           each  of  these  views  tries  to
               Near-death experience (NDE)            explain  and  analyze  this
               is  known  as  a  spiritual  and       phenomenon .
               immaterial journey to a world             The first scientific work on
               beyond matter. Published reports       near-death  experience  was
               of  these  experiences  have           published by Raymond Modi
               received much attention in the         in 1975, Life after Life. Most
               present century, and especially        of  the  works  that  have  been

               in recent years.                       written  so  far  about  near-
                  The presence of transcendental      death experiences have empirical
               and  immaterial  elements  and         approaches  and  have  been
               perceptions in these experiences,      presented mainly by Western
               in addition to being attractive        scientists.
               and surprising to the audience,           In these works, using new
               also raises many questions in          experimental sciences, various

               the minds of readers. Readers          explanations  of  physiology
               of these experiences, regardless       and biology about near-death
               of their religion, try to answer       experiences have been presented
               the questions and ambiguities          and several works have been
               they have about death and the          published in this regard.
               afterlife  in  their  minds  by           In  contrast,  less  research

               reading  published  reports  of        has been done on rational and
               near-death experiences.                philosophical  approaches  to
                  In  recent  years,  different       near-death  experiences,  and
               views have been proposed in            there  is  no  comprehensive
               relation  to  these  experiences       Work on this.
               and  their  characteristics,  and
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