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Introduction Referring to the steady-
The Big Bang theory and state model; (Ref: Bondi
the standard cosmological and Gold, 1948; Hoyle
models based on it imply 1948; Ibid, 1975; Ibid,
the world’s temporal finitude. 1992; Ibid, 1994; Bondi
The temporally finite 1960; Ibid, 1961; Hoyle
universe, most physicists and Narlikar, 1980;
believe, must have been Stanley, 1974; Brush, 1992;
created out of nothing. For Ellis, 1993) or if it started
some physicists and with the Big Bang, the
philosophers, this implies beginning of the present
some unfortunate metaphysical world would not be out
and theological results. To of nothingness, but rather
avoid such implications, from within the
scientists and philosophers inaccessible pre-big-bang
have thought of some universe(s); e.g: Cyclic
scenarios. cosmologies, (Penrose 2010;
The most important Steinhardt and Turok 2007)
scenarios, developed and loop quantum cosmology
discussed in the last few (Rovelli 2004; Bojowald
decades, have been: 2009) and string theory.
1. The universe is not (Gasperini, 2008)
temporally finite, but
rather is pre-eternal. So, 2. The universe is
either the universe has temporally finite, and
always been and will be such a universe must
at the same state: have been created out of
