Page 61 - Pure Life 38

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60 / International Multi. J. of PURE LIFE, 11(38), Spring. 2024
Based on the above proofs
and evidence, we can consider
Mulla Ṣadrā as a realist in the
field of ethics. Additionally, he
has positively explained the
reality of moral values, and at
the same time, he has explained
realism negatively, criticizing
nonrealistic theories such as
the divine command theory.
1. The Levels of Moral Reality
Moral reality is the very
existence and its degrees that
man achieves by his own free
will and by overcoming the
faculties of lust and anger, and
it is called happiness and
perfection. (Mulla Ṣadrā, 1981a,
Vol.8: 107; Islmainasab et al,
2022) Undoubtedly, based on
the foundations of Mulla Ṣadrā,
existence and consequently
happiness, which is the type of
existence, contains different
levels. If we consider the
moral reality as both positive
and negative, it can be said
that according to Mulla Ṣadrā,
some humans are not only in
the rank of animals, but also
inferior to animals, and this is
because of their interest in
worldly and animal affairs.
Some others are in the rank of
animals, and some are in a
rank that obeying them is
obeying God, doing business
with them is doing business
with God, and observing them
is observing the Almighty. This
shows that the moral reality has
different levels and each person
may reach one of these wide
levels according to his actions
and inner attributes. According
to some of Ṣadrā's sayings (Ref:
Ibid, 1981a, Vol.8: 107), human
beings may fall into one of the
following categories and each
of them can achieve a much
higher position based on the
correct moral choice and purity
of their heart. (Khazaei, 2018)
Fig.1: Levels of the Human's Soul
Refrence: Mulla Ṣadrā, 1981a, Vol.8: 107
In this regard, an important
question is raised in what
process and by what mechanism