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Mulla Ṣadrā's Moral Realism… H. Mohiti Ardakan (61
can a human being reach the activity, and except for a few
highest level of happiness, or people whose eyes have been
may he fall to the lowest level opened in this world, they are
of morality and sometimes be unaware of this fact. (Mulla
dragged into the abyss of Ṣadrā, 1981b: 229-230; Ibid,
immorality or anti-morality? 1984: 553)
Mulla Ṣadrā has answered this Therefore, the connection of the
question in several positions of soul with each of the different
his works. In his opinion, the levels can be effective in its
human soul, while being belonging or disconnection to
single, simple, and immaterial, the world and worldly affairs,
is the origin of all-natural and and consequently, the position
animal actions and movements, of the soul among the different
and the soul's faculties play the levels of happiness.
role of preparatory cause. This It is worth mentioning that
statement means that whenever the levels of moral reality are not
there is perception or stimulation, limited to the three mentioned
the human soul is active at that levels. There are many levels
level. between happiness and misery.
For example, in seeing, Each stage of this reality can
hearing, and thinking, it is the also be depicted as the stage.
human soul that is placed in the The example of true human
rank of faculty of seeing, happiness, which is associated
hearing, and intellect, and when with entering heaven and
it is provoked to appetitive enjoying divine blessings, has
affairs, anger, or enthusiasm for several levels. The lowest level
doing good deeds, it is the soul of intellectual happiness of
that works in the rank of people is to know God,
appetitive and irascible or creation, and God's attributes
intellectual faculties. like knowledge, will, and
Accordingly, a person power, as well as active
changes and diversifies at intellects, i.e., the angels, to
every moment based on his know the system of creatures
