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The Role of States… H. Aziz  / 71


               of  cybercrime,  cyberwar,  and       The  Role  of  Religious
               cyberterrorism.                       Organisations
                  When  the  human  mind  uses       As  religious  organizations  are
               algorithms to achieve end-results     based  on      spiritual  values,
               the  blame  cannot  be  placed  on    morals,  and  ethics  they  find
               the  algorithms;  human  beings       themselves in  a  situation where
               need to take responsibility.          they    have    to   disseminate
                  There  are  acute  ethical         education  through  CST,  which
               questions  about  data  sharing       has    been     militarized    by
               through integrated use of CST.        hegemonic powers.
                  The  questions  are  related  to      The    education    itself   is
               anonymous sharing of data, how        conceived in humane values and
               to  avoid  wasteful  duplicative      peace  for  the  betterment  of
               efforts,  individual  privacy  and    human beings.
               intellectual proprietary rights.         Islamic              religious
                   •  What       happens      to     organizations  are,  particularly,
                      education data?                vulnerable       to      targeted
                   •  What about methods and         cyberattacks  by  the  hegemonic
                      technologies?                  powers or their proxies as part of
                   •  What  about  ideologies,       their  “war  on  terror”,  which  is
                      which            underpin      tool of the marketing strategy of
                      education?                     the     military-industrial-media
                   •  Are intended behavioural       complex for the sake of obscene
                      changes  on  the  users        accumulation of private capital.
                      ethical?                          The        attacks      could
                                                     compromise the Islamic content
                  One of the best guarantees of      of  education,  as  there  are  fake
               ethical conduct  is the spread of     Qurans  and  fake  “Islamic”
               CST  literacy,  which  is  the        websites.
               logical growth and development           It  is  in  the  interests  of  such
               of CST itself.                        organisations       to      work
                                                     cooperatively      with     their

                                                     respective    governments      to
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