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66 International Multi. J. of PURE LIFE. 7 (23): 47-77, Summer 2020
Although the networks may thinks it knows about
be privately owned and publicly itself and the world
used such states have hybridized around it.
the surveillance, access A netwar may focus on
deniability, and propaganda public or elite opinion or
campaigns into conflicts with both.
civil societies, private It may involve
companies, and other states. diplomacy, propaganda
Individuals, narrow groups, and psychological
businesses, and states generate campaigns, political and
fake news, camouflaged cultural subversion,
commercial advertisements, and deception of or
disinformation, systematically, interference with local
to make them appear as being media, infiltration of
organic, democratic, and user- computer networks and
generated. databases, and efforts to
Regime change is one of the promote dissident or
major aims of this hybrid opposition movements
conflict. across computer
In 1995 John J Arquilla and networks.”
David F Ronfeldt of the Rand
Corporation, as consultants to They had also written,
the military-industrial-media “Cyberwar refers to conducting
complex, developed a thesis on military operations according to
“Cyberwar and Netwar”, in information-related principles. It
which they stated, inter alia: means disrupting or destroying
“Netwar refers to information and
information-related communications systems. It
conflict at a grand level means trying to know everything
between nations or about an adversary while
societies. keeping the adversary from
It means trying to disrupt knowing much about oneself.”
or damage what a target CST is now suffused with
population knows or state/ military involvement and