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200 International Multi. J. of PURE LIFE. 10 (33): 169-217, Winter. 2023
of space-time, either only metaphorically a zero
Minkowski or de Sitter three-geometry”.
space-time. In other words, However, as Isham
virtual particles which (1988: 399-400) explains,
appear within a vacuum, the Hawking-Hartle model
are indeed appearing in a presupposes “a single
space that already exists. configuration point” upon
Some (e.g: Krauss, 2012: which the wave function
161-170) have claimed that that gives the probability
quantum gravity could allow amplitude for the beginning
space itself to pop into of the universe depends.
existence. Smith, however, believes
However, as we that there is still no
mentioned already, one problem with the creation
obvious problem with this of the world out of nothing
claim is that a satisfactory in this model. For,
formulation of quantum “configuration space and
gravity does not yet exist. state space of quantum
Smith (1997: 298) claims gravity cosmology are
that “zero-three geometry timeless abstract objects
[i.e: A single point] in (“mathematical spaces”)
Hawking-Hartles models is rather than physical
indeed a metaphorical existents”. (Smith, 1998: 77)
talking of nothingness” and That is to say, from
that “[p]roperly speaking, Smith’s (1998: 77) point of
the universe appears from view, “literally nothing” is
literally nothing, which is only incompatible with “the
