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86 / International Multi. J. of PURE LIFE, 11(37), Winter. 2024
al-Natiqa (rational or Hence, when a man monitors
superior soul), and an his/her faculty of anger, s/he will
application of which achieve moderate status from
results to al-Ra'y al- which would emanate many
Maḥmūd (admired other virtues including greatness
opinion) on significant of soul, self-confidence,
affairs. Indeed, man is chivalrousness, constancy,
not frightened to do forbearance, calmness, and
fearful deeds when they physical endurance (Ibn
are great actions, and Miskawayh, 2014: 107).
patience with them is The author of the book Akhlāq-i
praiseworthy.” (Ibn Nāsirī has also enumerated the
Miskawayh,2014:105) above-mentioned virtues within
Logically defining Shojā'at, (Tūsī, 1953: 112-113).
Narāqī compared and
contrasted it with two of its • Tahavvur (Temerity) as
al-Ifrāṭ (Exaggeration)
opponents i.e., temerity and Side of the Faculty of
cowardice. He wrote, Ġaḍab (Anger)
The opponent for temerity
and cowardice is bravery. Temerity is an action that should
Remember the nobleness be avoided due to danger, but an
audacious man who blurts
of bravery, persuade your
soul to its requirements to temerity in his acts does not
avoid dangerous situations. In
become Malakah
(permanent ability), and this respect, Narāqī said,
Tahavvur is to take an
remove the impacts of its
opponents. Shojā'at is the action that should be
noblest habit of the soul, avoided and to expose
and those who are her/himself in a dangerous
disqualified of bravery are situation, forbidden by
free from manliness ‘Aql (intellect) and Shari’a
(Āmadī Tamīmī, 1989: including narrations and
Ḥadīth 253). verses (Narāqī, 2002,
Vol.1: 251).
