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194 International Multi. J. of PURE LIFE. 10 (33): 169-217, Winter. 2023
However, Isham (1988: 398) definition or existence can
believes that this model “is never guarantee the external

what we need to describe existence and physical
creation ‘from nothing”. reality of something
Hawking (2011: 85) corresponding to such a

himself has claimed that concept.
according to the model, the Hawking (1997: 152)
universe “would quite indeed considers the idea

literally be created out of ‘that time and space should
nothing: not just out of the be finite without boundary’
vacuum, but out of as a proposal which ‘cannot

absolutely nothing at all; be deduced from some
because there is nothing other principle. Like any
outside the universe”. other scientific theory, it

may initially be put
B. The Hawking-Hartle forward for aesthetic or
Model and Creatio ex Nihilo metaphysical reasons’.
The Hawking-Hartle model Hawking (1997b: 169),

suffers from some perhaps in response to
problems that make it objections like this,
unpalatable. First of all, it emphasizes that: “I… am a

utilizes imaginary time - a positivist who believes that
concept that could, like 10- physical theories are just
dimensional or 100- mathematical models we

dimensional space, be construct and that it is
mathematically defined. meaningless to ask if they
However, the mathematical
correspond to reality”.